690 “Naya” is the standpoint (vikalpa/alternation/option) of a wise man to understand or conceive a part of the soul (or object/vastu) which is protected / corborated by scriptural knowledge. He who has got (or commands) such knowledge, is wise (Naya is a stand point which gives partial knowledge of a thing in same particular aspect of it).
691. A man can not understand “syadavada” without “Naya”. Hence, he who wants to give up or do away with (parihar/remove) one sidedness (E’kanta) or insistence on one sidedness (E’kanta agraha) must know “Naya”.
692. Only fools endeavour to determine the nature of soul without taking recourse to “Naya”. Their endeavours resemble to those of persons of bad character and conduct who try to seek ‘Acquire’ pleasures or those of thirsty men to quench their thirst without (procuring) water.
693. The preaching of tirthankaras are of two kinds: 1. General (Samanya), 2. Particular (Visesa). The basic Nayas which propound (or advocate) these two types of preachings are also two named. 1. Substantial (Dravyarthic/Real) and 2. Modal (Paryayarthic/practical). The rest of the Nayas are the sub divisions (off shoots) of these two. (The substantial/Real mode of discourse propounds the general nature of soul and the modal mode of discourse (paryayarthic Naya) propounds particular aspect or aspects thereof.
694. The statement from substantial stand point (about Generality) is as a rule non existent (Avastu/non entity) to those who adopt modal stand point and the statement from modal stand point (i.e. statement regarding particular mode or aspect of the soul) is as a rule non existen (Avastu/nonentity) to those who adopt substantial stand point.
695. From modal stand point (Paryayarthic naya) souls are as a rule born/reborn and decayed (or destroyed); from substantial stand point (Dravyarthic naya) souls are unborn (Anutpanna) and indestructible (Avinashi).
696 From substantial point of view (stand point) all souls are substance (and are therefore a like); (whereas) from modal point of view (stand point) every souls is different (and is therefore unlike others) (it is so) because an object appears to be that and that alone which it appears at a particular time from a particular stand point (Naya).
697. The substantial stand point (Dravyarthic Naya) is knowledge. That primarily explains the substance (Dravya/reality/contents), it gives secondary importance to mode. On the contrary, knowledge which primarily explains mode (paryaya/a particular state of soul) is called modal stand point (paryayarthic naya); it gives secondary importance to substance.
698. (As sub divisions of substantial and Modal stand points) the basic (original) nayas (stand-points) are seven: 1. Figurative/not literal (Naigam); 2. General/common (Samgraha); 3. Distributive (Vyavhar); 4. Actual condition at a particular instant and for a long time (Rju-sutra); 5. Descriptive (Shabda); 6. Specific (Samabhirurha); and 7. Active (Evambhuta).
699. Of them the first three substantial (Dravyarthic) and the last four modal (Paryayarthic) of all the seven stand points (nayas), the first four deal primarily with significance (Artha/object) and the last three deal primarily with words (Shabda).
700. The figurative stand point (Naigmaa-naya) is that, which explains the various standards of General Knowledge (Samanya-jnan) particular knowledge (visesa-Jnan) and common knowledge (ubhaya-jnan) as are prevalent (current) in universe. That is why, it is also called ‘Nayik-man’ (i.e. knowing in various ways).
701 (The figurative stand point (Naigam-naya) is of three kinds; relating to past, present and future. The Bhuta-Naigam naya (past, figurative stand point) speaks of a past even as a present one as for example, saying on Nirvaha-Amavasya (Deepavali) “Lord Mahavir attained liberation today” though Lord Mahavir attained Nirvana thousand of years ago.
702. The present figurative stand point (vartaman-Naigam-naya) is that which speaks of a thing in hands as a completed fact. For example, to say at the very out set of the process of cooking “Today, I have prepared rice”.
703. The future figurative stand point (Bhavi-Nigam-naya) is that which speaks of a future event not happened so far as a present one (i.e. an event which has happened) for example, to say about one, who has not gone so far. “He has gone”.
704. The General stand point (samgratanaya) is of two kinds: 1. Pure General and 2. Impure General. In the former (i.e. pure general) every object is explained by way of existence (isness/satrupi) irrespective of contradictions (and differences) of them. When a particular specie is taken up the impure-General stand-point is re’sorted to.
705. The Distributive stand point (vyavaharnaya) is that which differentiates pure implications from impure ones according to General stand point. This is also of two kinds: 1. That seperates impure-implications (Ashuddhartha-bhedak) and 2. That separate pure implications (Shuddhartha-bheda)
706. The fine-Riju-sutra-naya (Sukshma-Rija-sutra-naya) explains the actual unstable (Adhurva) condition of a substance at a particular instant for example all the words are transient (Kshanik/momentary/fleeting).
707. The Gross Riju sutra naya deals with the actual condition of a substance for a long time such as a man in human mode (Manushya-paryaya).
708. Word is “calling” or “summoning” (Ahvan) (in other words) a word is that which “calls” or “summons”. Further, a word is called that whereby a thing is described. Naya has also been termed as word because it explains the significance of that word.
709. The Descriptive stand point (Shabda-naya) explains the difference in the meaning and significance of synonymous words. (Ekartha vachi shabda) due to gender etc. As for e.g. the word “pusya” signifies a planet in masculine gender and “pusya” signifies star, in feminine gender.
710. The descriptive stand point (Shabda-naya) includes grammatical accuracy (correctness) and propriety of expression. It accepts the implications (or, connotations) which are given to a word, constructed (or accomplished/siddha) grammatically and used likewise e.g. the word “Dev” should be taken as signifying the well accepted implication of “The celestial being”.
711. Just as every object signifies some specific thing; in the same way every word stands for a specific object (or meaning). There is difference in meaning with difference in words e.g. indra puranadar and sakra all the three signify the king of god but “Indra” connotes the prosperity of the king of gods purandar; connote that who destroys the localities of his enemies thus “Samabhirurha-naya” difference with difference in words (This stand point established closer relationship in words and their connoations).
712. “Evainbhuta-Naya” restricts a name to the very activity which is connoted by the term even (i.e. As it is and “Bhuta” (i.e. which exists) combine to make “Evam-bhuta” it propounds : it exists as it is; and it dies not exist as it is not. In this stand point the words and the objects tally with each other. This Naya is comparatively move related with the meanings of words than shabda naya and samabhiruha-naya.
713. There are different words for different activities of mind, speech and body of an (impure) soul Evanibhula-naya uses that specific word on that specific moment. For example it calls a worshipper by the term only when one is engaged in worshipping; it call a warrior, warrior, only means that the man is engaged in warfare.